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Getting started with PIC design in PhotonForge
By Lucas GabrielliPhotonForge is a unified platform for fabrication-aware photonic design. It accelerates your photonic device design process by seamlessly integrating with simulation tools, including Tidy3D FDTD, mode, heat, and RF solvers. With built-in access to foundry PDKs, PhotonForge simplifies the transition from design to fabrication. In this seminar, we will cover the basics of PhotonForge with an overview of its main concepts and how to get started quickly in photonic integrated circuit design.
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This Session was updated in Dec 18, 2025
Getting started with PIC design in PhotonForge¶
We begin by loading PhotonForge, Tidy3D, the SiEPIC OpenEBL PDK, and other common Python modules we will be using.
In [1]:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import photonforge as pf
import siepic_forge as siepic
We use the default SiEPIC PDK as our default technology and set some configurations.
In [2]:
tech = siepic.ebeam()
pf.config.default_technology = tech
pf.config.svg_labels = False
# Set frequency range
wavelengths = np.linspace(1.545, 1.555, 201)
freqs = pf.C_0 / wavelengths
Review the available layers in the PDK:
In [3]:
tech.layers
Out[3]:
| Name | Layer | Description | Color | Pattern |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BlackBox | (998, 0) | SiEPIC | #00408018 | solid |
| Chip design area | (290, 0) | Misc | #80005718 | hollow |
| Deep Trench | (201, 0) | Misc | #c0c0c018 | solid |
| DevRec | (68, 0) | SiEPIC | #00408018 | hollow |
| Dicing | (210, 0) | Misc | #a0a0c018 | solid |
| Errors | (999, 0) | SiEPIC | #00008018 | / |
| FDTD | (733, 0) | SiEPIC | #80005718 | hollow |
| FbrTgt | (81, 0) | SiEPIC | #00408018 | / |
| FloorPlan | (99, 0) | Misc | #8000ff18 | hollow |
| Isolation Trench | (203, 0) | Misc | #c0c0c018 | solid |
| Keep out | (202, 0) | Misc | #a0a0c018 | // |
| M1_heater | (11, 0) | Metal | #ebc63418 | xx |
| M2_router | (12, 0) | Metal | #90857018 | xx |
| M_Open | (13, 0) | Metal | #3471eb18 | xx |
| Oxide open (to BOX) | (6, 0) | Waveguides | #ffae0018 | \ |
| PinRec | (1, 10) | SiEPIC | #00408018 | / |
| PinRecM | (1, 11) | SiEPIC | #00408018 | / |
| SEM | (200, 0) | Misc | #ff00ff18 | \ |
| Si | (1, 0) | Waveguides | #ff80a818 | \\ |
| Si N | (20, 0) | Doping | #7000ff18 | \\ |
| Si N++ | (24, 0) | Doping | #0000ff18 | : |
| Si slab | (2, 0) | Waveguides | #80a8ff18 | / |
| SiN | (4, 0) | Waveguides | #a6cee318 | \\ |
| Si_Litho193nm | (1, 69) | Waveguides | #cc80a818 | \ |
| Text | (10, 0) | #0000ff18 | \ | |
| VC | (40, 0) | Metal | #3a027f18 | xx |
| Waveguide | (1, 99) | Waveguides | #ff80a818 | \ |
Inspect the extrusion specifications in this technology:
In [4]:
tech.extrusion_specs
Out[4]:
[ExtrusionSpec(mask_spec=MaskSpec((6, 0)), medium=Medium(attrs={}, name=None, frequency_range=None, allow_gain=False, nonlinear_spec=None, modulation_spec=None, viz_spec=None, heat_spec=None, type='Medium', permittivity=1.0, conductivity=0.0), limits=(0, 2e+07), sidewall_angle=0),
ExtrusionSpec(mask_spec=MaskSpec((1, 0)), medium={"optical": PoleResidue(attrs={}, name=None, frequency_range=(21413747041496.2, 249827048817455.7), allow_gain=False, nonlinear_spec=None, modulation_spec=None, viz_spec=None, heat_spec=None, type='PoleResidue', eps_inf=1.0, poles=((6241549589084091j, -3.3254308736142404e+16j),)), "electrical": Medium(attrs={}, name='Si', frequency_range=None, allow_gain=False, nonlinear_spec=None, modulation_spec=None, viz_spec=None, heat_spec=None, type='Medium', permittivity=12.3, conductivity=0.0)}, limits=(0, 0.22), sidewall_angle=0),
ExtrusionSpec(mask_spec=MaskSpec((2, 0)), medium={"optical": PoleResidue(attrs={}, name=None, frequency_range=(21413747041496.2, 249827048817455.7), allow_gain=False, nonlinear_spec=None, modulation_spec=None, viz_spec=None, heat_spec=None, type='PoleResidue', eps_inf=1.0, poles=((6241549589084091j, -3.3254308736142404e+16j),)), "electrical": Medium(attrs={}, name='Si', frequency_range=None, allow_gain=False, nonlinear_spec=None, modulation_spec=None, viz_spec=None, heat_spec=None, type='Medium', permittivity=12.3, conductivity=0.0)}, limits=(0, 0.09), sidewall_angle=0),
ExtrusionSpec(mask_spec=MaskSpec((4, 0)), medium={"optical": PoleResidue(attrs={}, name=None, frequency_range=(152024573088740.38, 724311326723836.8), allow_gain=False, nonlinear_spec=None, modulation_spec=None, viz_spec=None, heat_spec=None, type='PoleResidue', eps_inf=3.031225983820944, poles=(((-0-7534484687295489j), 3530332266482328j), ((-0-4550924050946271j), 7233481618.869821j))), "electrical": Medium(attrs={}, name='Si3N4', frequency_range=None, allow_gain=False, nonlinear_spec=None, modulation_spec=None, viz_spec=None, heat_spec=None, type='Medium', permittivity=7.5, conductivity=0.0)}, limits=(0, 0.4), sidewall_angle=0),
ExtrusionSpec(mask_spec=MaskSpec(operand0=[MaskSpec((12, 0)), MaskSpec((11, 0))], operand1=[], operation='+'), medium={"optical": PoleResidue(attrs={}, name=None, frequency_range=(120884055879414.03, 2997924585809468.0), allow_gain=False, nonlinear_spec=None, modulation_spec=None, viz_spec=None, heat_spec=None, type='PoleResidue', eps_inf=1.0, poles=(((-252828226350812.1-5784339105708298j), (1948434702479989.5+2132849526706848.8j)), ((-609339941453361-3915807795417961j), (5854104539645628+9628118738288506j)), ((-351192772413652.7-1494382744693159.8j), (-1716717002731465.8+3.5658946710009096e+16j)), ((-5781257140720.449-134119053600439.05j), (1.1436600467759824e+16+1.3607215135185057e+18j)))), "electrical": LossyMetalMedium(attrs={}, name=None, frequency_range=(100000000.0, 200000000000.0), allow_gain=False, nonlinear_spec=None, modulation_spec=None, viz_spec=None, heat_spec=None, type='LossyMetalMedium', permittivity=1, conductivity=1.6, roughness=None, fit_param=SurfaceImpedanceFitterParam(attrs={}, max_num_poles=16, tolerance_rms=0.001, frequency_sampling_points=20, log_sampling=True, type='SurfaceImpedanceFitterParam'))}, limits=(2.42, 2.62), sidewall_angle=0),
ExtrusionSpec(mask_spec=MaskSpec((12, 0)), medium={"optical": PoleResidue(attrs={}, name=None, frequency_range=(154751311505403.34, 1595872899899471.8), allow_gain=False, nonlinear_spec=None, modulation_spec=None, viz_spec=None, heat_spec=None, type='PoleResidue', eps_inf=1.0, poles=(((-569801961707506.2-5919036552773929j), (547547687971021.3+294290120688174.94j)), ((-1589807268517576.2-3491672819475904j), (1.0929163739969444e+16+422154272517619.8j)), ((-291288687923238.2-3648189488671429j), (252866071416221.06-269873948615172.56j)), ((-249515901504479.2-1081669083787891.2j), (-343676981321731.5-707306264998813.6j)), ((-53249179312995.555-283474011170933.5j), (2393359178586368.5+2.9476885206131206e+17j)))), "electrical": LossyMetalMedium(attrs={}, name=None, frequency_range=(100000000.0, 200000000000.0), allow_gain=False, nonlinear_spec=None, modulation_spec=None, viz_spec=None, heat_spec=None, type='LossyMetalMedium', permittivity=1, conductivity=17.0, roughness=None, fit_param=SurfaceImpedanceFitterParam(attrs={}, max_num_poles=16, tolerance_rms=0.001, frequency_sampling_points=20, log_sampling=True, type='SurfaceImpedanceFitterParam'))}, limits=(2.62, 3.02), sidewall_angle=0),
ExtrusionSpec(mask_spec=MaskSpec((13, 0)), medium=Medium(attrs={}, name=None, frequency_range=None, allow_gain=False, nonlinear_spec=None, modulation_spec=None, viz_spec=None, heat_spec=None, type='Medium', permittivity=1.0, conductivity=0.0), limits=(3.02, 2e+07), sidewall_angle=0),
ExtrusionSpec(mask_spec=MaskSpec(operand0=[MaskSpec((201, 0)), MaskSpec((203, 0)), MaskSpec((210, 0))], operand1=[], operation='+'), medium=Medium(attrs={}, name=None, frequency_range=None, allow_gain=False, nonlinear_spec=None, modulation_spec=None, viz_spec=None, heat_spec=None, type='Medium', permittivity=1.0, conductivity=0.0), limits=(-2e+07, 2e+07), sidewall_angle=0)]
Select the type of waveguide we will use:
In [5]:
tech.ports
Out[5]:
{'SiN_TE_1310_750': PortSpec(description="SiN Strip TE 1310 nm, w=750 nm", width=3, limits=(-1, 1.4), num_modes=1, added_solver_modes=0, polarization="", target_neff=2.1, path_profiles=[(0.75, 0, (4, 0))]),
'TE_1550_500': PortSpec(description="Strip TE 1550 nm, w=500 nm", width=2, limits=(-1, 1.22), num_modes=1, added_solver_modes=0, polarization="", target_neff=3.5, path_profiles=[(0.5, 0, (1, 0))]),
'TE_1310_410': PortSpec(description="Strip TE 1310 nm, w=410 nm", width=2, limits=(-1, 1.22), num_modes=1, added_solver_modes=0, polarization="", target_neff=3.5, path_profiles=[(0.41, 0, (1, 0))]),
'SiN_TE_895_450': PortSpec(description="SiN Strip TE 895 nm, w=450 nm", width=2, limits=(-1, 1.4), num_modes=1, added_solver_modes=0, polarization="", target_neff=2.1, path_profiles=[(0.45, 0, (4, 0))]),
'SiN_TM_1310_750': PortSpec(description="SiN Strip TM 1310 nm, w=750 nm", width=3, limits=(-1.5, 1.9), num_modes=1, added_solver_modes=1, polarization="TM", target_neff=2.1, path_profiles=[(0.75, 0, (4, 0))]),
'TE_1310_350': PortSpec(description="Strip TE 1310 nm, w=350 nm", width=2, limits=(-1, 1.22), num_modes=1, added_solver_modes=0, polarization="", target_neff=3.5, path_profiles=[(0.35, 0, (1, 0))]),
'SiN_TE_1310_800': PortSpec(description="SiN Strip TE 1310 nm, w=800 nm", width=3, limits=(-1, 1.4), num_modes=1, added_solver_modes=0, polarization="", target_neff=2.1, path_profiles=[(0.8, 0, (4, 0))]),
'TM_1310_350': PortSpec(description="Strip TM 1310 nm, w=350 nm", width=2, limits=(-1, 1.22), num_modes=1, added_solver_modes=1, polarization="TM", target_neff=3.5, path_profiles=[(0.35, 0, (1, 0))]),
'TM_1550_500': PortSpec(description="Strip TM 1550 nm, w=500 nm", width=2.5, limits=(-1, 1.22), num_modes=1, added_solver_modes=1, polarization="TM", target_neff=3.5, path_profiles=[(0.5, 0, (1, 0))]),
'SiN_TE-TM_1550_1000': PortSpec(description="SiN Strip TM 1550 nm, w=1000 nm", width=3, limits=(-1.5, 1.9), num_modes=2, added_solver_modes=0, polarization="", target_neff=2.1, path_profiles=[(1, 0, (4, 0))]),
'SiN_TM_1550_1000': PortSpec(description="SiN Strip TM 1550 nm, w=1000 nm", width=3, limits=(-1.5, 1.9), num_modes=1, added_solver_modes=1, polarization="TM", target_neff=2.1, path_profiles=[(1, 0, (4, 0))]),
'SiN_TE_1550_1000': PortSpec(description="SiN Strip TE 1550 nm, w=1000 nm", width=3, limits=(-1, 1.4), num_modes=1, added_solver_modes=0, polarization="", target_neff=2.1, path_profiles=[(1, 0, (4, 0))]),
'SiN_TE_1550_800': PortSpec(description="SiN Strip TE 1550 nm, w=800 nm", width=3, limits=(-1, 1.4), num_modes=1, added_solver_modes=0, polarization="", target_neff=2.1, path_profiles=[(0.8, 0, (4, 0))]),
'Rib_TE_1550_500': PortSpec(description="Rib (90 nm slab) TE 1550 nm, w=500 nm", width=2.5, limits=(-1, 1.22), num_modes=1, added_solver_modes=0, polarization="", target_neff=3.5, path_profiles=[(3, 0, (2, 0)), (0.5, 0, (1, 0))]),
'TE-TM_1550_450': PortSpec(description="Strip TE-TM 1550, w=450 nm", width=2, limits=(-1, 1.22), num_modes=2, added_solver_modes=0, polarization="", target_neff=3.5, path_profiles=[(0.45, 0, (1, 0))]),
'Rib_TE_1310_350': PortSpec(description="Rib (90 nm slab) TE 1310 nm, w=350 nm", width=2.35, limits=(-1, 1.22), num_modes=1, added_solver_modes=0, polarization="", target_neff=3.5, path_profiles=[(3, 0, (2, 0)), (0.35, 0, (1, 0))]),
'MM_TE_1550_2000': PortSpec(description="Multimode Strip TE 1550 nm, w=2000 nm", width=6, limits=(-2, 2.22), num_modes=12, added_solver_modes=0, polarization="", target_neff=3.5, path_profiles=[(2, 0, (1, 0))]),
'MM_TE_1550_3000': PortSpec(description="Multimode Strip TE 1550 nm, w=3000 nm", width=6, limits=(-2, 2.22), num_modes=17, added_solver_modes=0, polarization="", target_neff=3.5, path_profiles=[(3, 0, (1, 0))]),
'MM_SiN_TE_1550_3000': PortSpec(description="Multimode SiN Strip TE 1550 nm, w=3000 nm", width=8, limits=(-2.5, 2.9), num_modes=7, added_solver_modes=0, polarization="", target_neff=2.1, path_profiles=[(3, 0, (4, 0))]),
'Slot_TE_1550_500': PortSpec(description="Slot TE 1550 nm, w=500 nm, gap=100nm", width=2, limits=(-1, 1.22), num_modes=1, added_solver_modes=0, polarization="", target_neff=3.5, path_profiles=[(0.2, 0.15, (1, 0)), (0.2, -0.15, (1, 0))]),
'SiN_TE_1550_750': PortSpec(description="SiN Strip TE 1550 nm, w=750 nm", width=3, limits=(-1, 1.4), num_modes=1, added_solver_modes=0, polarization="", target_neff=2.1, path_profiles=[(0.75, 0, (4, 0))]),
'eskid_TE_1550': PortSpec(description="eskid TE 1550", width=3.31, limits=(-1, 1.22), num_modes=1, added_solver_modes=0, polarization="", target_neff=3.5, path_profiles=[(0.06, -0.625, (1, 0)), (0.06, 0.625, (1, 0)), (0.06, 0.505, (1, 0)), (0.06, -0.385, (1, 0)), (0.06, -0.265, (1, 0)), (0.06, 0.385, (1, 0)), (0.06, 0.265, (1, 0)), (0.06, -0.505, (1, 0)), (0.35, 0, (1, 0))])}
In [6]:
mode_solver = pf.port_modes("TE_1550_500", freqs)
mode_solver.plot_field("E", mode_index=0, f=freqs[0])
mode_solver.data.to_dataframe()
Loading cached simulation from /home/lucas/.tidy3d/pf_cache/G3M/ms_info-MMQ2MBBQWENPO4C7GRHX6BAASYUSSORDOXSJZJ2ILOFIZD2RK7EA.json.
Out[6]:
| wavelength | n eff | k eff | TE (Ey) fraction | wg TE fraction | wg TM fraction | mode area | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| f | mode_index | |||||||
| 1.940404e+14 | 0 | 1.54500 | 2.444782 | 0.0 | 0.983412 | 0.764369 | 0.816875 | 0.191832 |
| 1.940341e+14 | 0 | 1.54505 | 2.444726 | 0.0 | 0.983409 | 0.764357 | 0.816872 | 0.191848 |
| 1.940279e+14 | 0 | 1.54510 | 2.444669 | 0.0 | 0.983407 | 0.764344 | 0.816869 | 0.191862 |
| 1.940216e+14 | 0 | 1.54515 | 2.444610 | 0.0 | 0.983404 | 0.764332 | 0.816867 | 0.191878 |
| 1.940153e+14 | 0 | 1.54520 | 2.444554 | 0.0 | 0.983402 | 0.764319 | 0.816864 | 0.191893 |
| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 1.928174e+14 | 0 | 1.55480 | 2.433790 | 0.0 | 0.982904 | 0.761952 | 0.816299 | 0.194824 |
| 1.928112e+14 | 0 | 1.55485 | 2.433737 | 0.0 | 0.982902 | 0.761940 | 0.816295 | 0.194839 |
| 1.928050e+14 | 0 | 1.55490 | 2.433682 | 0.0 | 0.982899 | 0.761928 | 0.816292 | 0.194854 |
| 1.927988e+14 | 0 | 1.55495 | 2.433629 | 0.0 | 0.982897 | 0.761915 | 0.816289 | 0.194869 |
| 1.927926e+14 | 0 | 1.55500 | 2.433570 | 0.0 | 0.982894 | 0.761903 | 0.816286 | 0.194885 |
201 rows × 7 columns
Creating a Y splitter¶
We will draw the Y splitter shape as a polygon based on Yi Zhang, Shuyu Yang, Andy Eu-Jin Lim, Guo-Qiang Lo, Christophe Galland, Tom Baehr-Jones, and Michael Hochberg, “A compact and low loss Y-junction for submicron silicon waveguide,” Opt. Express 21, 1310-1316 (2013), doi: 10.1364/OE.21.001310
In [7]:
# Values from the optimized Y splitter
w = np.array((0.5, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.9, 1.26, 1.4, 1.4, 1.4, 1.4, 1.31, 1.2, 1.2))
length = 2.0
y_out = 0.35
vertices = np.vstack((np.linspace(0, length, len(w)), -0.5 * w)).T
y_polygon = pf.Polygon(np.vstack((vertices, vertices[::-1] * np.array((1, -1)))))
y_polygon
Out[7]:
In [8]:
s_offset = 0.75
s_length = 3.0
s_bend1 = pf.Path((length, y_out), w[0]).s_bend((length + s_length, s_offset))
s_bend2 = pf.Path((length, -y_out), w[0]).s_bend((length + s_length, -s_offset))
y_splitter = pf.Component("Y_SPLITTER")
y_splitter.add("Si", y_polygon, s_bend1, s_bend2)
Out[8]:
In [9]:
from photonforge.live_viewer import LiveViewer
viewer = LiveViewer()
Starting live viewer at http://localhost:5001
In [10]:
viewer(y_splitter)
Out[10]:
In [11]:
y_splitter.add_port(y_splitter.detect_ports(["TE_1550_500"], on_boundary="x"))
viewer(y_splitter)
Out[11]:
In [12]:
y_splitter.ports
Out[12]:
{'P2': Port(center=(5, 0.75), input_direction=180, spec=PortSpec(description="Strip TE 1550 nm, w=500 nm", width=2, limits=(-1, 1.22), num_modes=1, added_solver_modes=0, polarization="", target_neff=3.5, path_profiles=[(0.5, 0, (1, 0))]), extended=True, inverted=False),
'P1': Port(center=(5, -0.75), input_direction=180, spec=PortSpec(description="Strip TE 1550 nm, w=500 nm", width=2, limits=(-1, 1.22), num_modes=1, added_solver_modes=0, polarization="", target_neff=3.5, path_profiles=[(0.5, 0, (1, 0))]), extended=True, inverted=False),
'P0': Port(center=(0, 0), input_direction=0, spec=PortSpec(description="Strip TE 1550 nm, w=500 nm", width=2, limits=(-1, 1.22), num_modes=1, added_solver_modes=0, polarization="", target_neff=3.5, path_profiles=[(0.5, 0, (1, 0))]), extended=True, inverted=False)}
In [13]:
y_model = pf.Tidy3DModel(port_symmetries=[("P0", "P2", "P1")])
y_splitter.add_model(y_model, "Tidy3D")
y_splitter.models
Out[13]:
{'Tidy3D': Tidy3DModel(run_time=None, medium=None, symmetry=(0, 0, 0), boundary_spec=None, monitors=(), structures=(), grid_spec=None, shutoff=None, subpixel=None, courant=None, port_symmetries=[('P0', 'P2', 'P1')], bounds=((None, None, None), (None, None, None)), verbose=True)}
In [14]:
_ = pf.tidy3d_plot(y_splitter, z=0.1)
In [15]:
y_model.estimate_cost(y_splitter, freqs)
11:33:20 -03 Maximum FlexCredit cost: 0.569 for the whole batch.
Out[15]:
0.5691546415859006
In [16]:
y_s_matrix = y_splitter.s_matrix(freqs)
Loading cached simulation from /home/lucas/.tidy3d/pf_cache/7HL/fdtd_info-JJA7XSZSRA37DZ3B4TCMWRPFZFKHRCZZDVZ3XMBG5RHF6ECWT5HQ.json. Loading cached simulation from /home/lucas/.tidy3d/pf_cache/7HL/fdtd_info-H55PLJGMNQHRMJPZ2HQCTECOPNH2S2LN5H4PQQNPC3HBSXPEPVGQ.json. Progress: 100%
In [17]:
y_s_matrix
Out[17]:
SMatrix(frequencies=[1.9404e+14, 1.94034e+14, 1.94028e+14, 1.94022e+14, 1.94015e+14, 1.94009e+14, 1.94003e+14, 1.93996e+14, 1.9399e+14, 1.93984e+14, 1.93978e+14, 1.93971e+14, 1.93965e+14, 1.93959e+14, 1.93953e+14, 1.93946e+14, 1.9394e+14, 1.93934e+14, 1.93927e+14, 1.93921e+14, 1.93915e+14, 1.93909e+14, 1.93902e+14, 1.93896e+14, 1.9389e+14, 1.93884e+14, 1.93877e+14, 1.93871e+14, 1.93865e+14, 1.93858e+14, 1.93852e+14, 1.93846e+14, 1.9384e+14, 1.93833e+14, 1.93827e+14, 1.93821e+14, 1.93815e+14, 1.93808e+14, 1.93802e+14, 1.93796e+14, 1.9379e+14, 1.93783e+14, 1.93777e+14, 1.93771e+14, 1.93765e+14, 1.93758e+14, 1.93752e+14, 1.93746e+14, 1.93739e+14, 1.93733e+14, 1.93727e+14, 1.93721e+14, 1.93714e+14, 1.93708e+14, 1.93702e+14, 1.93696e+14, 1.93689e+14, 1.93683e+14, 1.93677e+14, 1.93671e+14, 1.93664e+14, 1.93658e+14, 1.93652e+14, 1.93646e+14, 1.93639e+14, 1.93633e+14, 1.93627e+14, 1.93621e+14, 1.93614e+14, 1.93608e+14, 1.93602e+14, 1.93596e+14, 1.93589e+14, 1.93583e+14, 1.93577e+14, 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input_direction=180, spec=PortSpec(description="Strip TE 1550 nm, w=500 nm", width=2, limits=(-1, 1.22), num_modes=1, added_solver_modes=0, polarization="", target_neff=3.5, path_profiles=[(0.5, 0, (1, 0))]), extended=True, inverted=False), 'P2': Port(center=(5, 0.75), input_direction=180, spec=PortSpec(description="Strip TE 1550 nm, w=500 nm", width=2, limits=(-1, 1.22), num_modes=1, added_solver_modes=0, polarization="", target_neff=3.5, path_profiles=[(0.5, 0, (1, 0))]), extended=True, inverted=False)})
In [18]:
y_s_matrix["P0@0", "P1@0"]
Out[18]:
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-0.14973094+0.67961597j, -0.14789373+0.6800157j ,
-0.14605894+0.68041083j, -0.14422458+0.68079932j,
-0.14238847+0.68118368j, -0.14055212+0.68156309j,
-0.13871374+0.68193773j, -0.13687356+0.68230757j,
-0.13503413+0.68267163j, -0.13319323+0.68303126j,
-0.13135138+0.68338588j, -0.12950839+0.68373511j,
-0.12766494+0.68408019j, -0.12581974+0.68441995j,
-0.12397455+0.68475446j, -0.12212796+0.685084j ,
-0.12028058+0.685408j , -0.11843375+0.6857279j ,
-0.11658837+0.68604258j, -0.11473944+0.68635136j,
-0.112888 +0.68665677j, -0.11103715+0.68695653j,
-0.10918889+0.68725041j, -0.10733609+0.68754005j,
-0.10548224+0.68782489j, -0.10363256+0.68810357j,
-0.10177759+0.68837829j, -0.09992699+0.68864738j,
-0.09806937+0.68891273j, -0.09621304+0.68917244j,
-0.09435859+0.68942604j, -0.09250032+0.6896757j ,
-0.09064652+0.68991949j, -0.08879103+0.69015846j,
-0.08693019+0.69039368j, -0.08507371+0.69062257j,
-0.08321241+0.69084718j, -0.08135563+0.69106614j,
-0.07949706+0.6912799j , -0.07763388+0.69148915j,
-0.07577423+0.69169384j, -0.07391475+0.69189309j,
-0.0720548 +0.69208641j, -0.07018767+0.69227615j,
-0.06832832+0.69245965j, -0.06646594+0.69263948j,
-0.06460391+0.69281254j, -0.06274073+0.69298114j,
-0.06087895+0.69314575j, -0.05901592+0.69330478j,
-0.05715173+0.69345819j, -0.05528814+0.69360732j,
-0.05342312+0.69375097j, -0.0515586 +0.69388976j,
-0.04969384+0.69402357j, -0.04782769+0.69415243j,
-0.04596231+0.69427624j, -0.04409576+0.69439468j,
-0.04222846+0.69450855j, -0.04036718+0.69461695j,
-0.038501 +0.69472076j, -0.03663332+0.69481896j,
-0.03476569+0.69491259j, -0.03290287+0.69500168j,
-0.03103477+0.69508515j, -0.02916612+0.69516324j,
-0.02730277+0.69523714j, -0.02543464+0.69530517j,
-0.02356613+0.69536861j, -0.02170239+0.69542668j,
-0.01983323+0.69548037j, -0.01796871+0.69552883j,
-0.01610006+0.69557249j])
In [19]:
y_s_matrix.wavelengths
Out[19]:
array([1.545 , 1.54505, 1.5451 , 1.54515, 1.5452 , 1.54525, 1.5453 ,
1.54535, 1.5454 , 1.54545, 1.5455 , 1.54555, 1.5456 , 1.54565,
1.5457 , 1.54575, 1.5458 , 1.54585, 1.5459 , 1.54595, 1.546 ,
1.54605, 1.5461 , 1.54615, 1.5462 , 1.54625, 1.5463 , 1.54635,
1.5464 , 1.54645, 1.5465 , 1.54655, 1.5466 , 1.54665, 1.5467 ,
1.54675, 1.5468 , 1.54685, 1.5469 , 1.54695, 1.547 , 1.54705,
1.5471 , 1.54715, 1.5472 , 1.54725, 1.5473 , 1.54735, 1.5474 ,
1.54745, 1.5475 , 1.54755, 1.5476 , 1.54765, 1.5477 , 1.54775,
1.5478 , 1.54785, 1.5479 , 1.54795, 1.548 , 1.54805, 1.5481 ,
1.54815, 1.5482 , 1.54825, 1.5483 , 1.54835, 1.5484 , 1.54845,
1.5485 , 1.54855, 1.5486 , 1.54865, 1.5487 , 1.54875, 1.5488 ,
1.54885, 1.5489 , 1.54895, 1.549 , 1.54905, 1.5491 , 1.54915,
1.5492 , 1.54925, 1.5493 , 1.54935, 1.5494 , 1.54945, 1.5495 ,
1.54955, 1.5496 , 1.54965, 1.5497 , 1.54975, 1.5498 , 1.54985,
1.5499 , 1.54995, 1.55 , 1.55005, 1.5501 , 1.55015, 1.5502 ,
1.55025, 1.5503 , 1.55035, 1.5504 , 1.55045, 1.5505 , 1.55055,
1.5506 , 1.55065, 1.5507 , 1.55075, 1.5508 , 1.55085, 1.5509 ,
1.55095, 1.551 , 1.55105, 1.5511 , 1.55115, 1.5512 , 1.55125,
1.5513 , 1.55135, 1.5514 , 1.55145, 1.5515 , 1.55155, 1.5516 ,
1.55165, 1.5517 , 1.55175, 1.5518 , 1.55185, 1.5519 , 1.55195,
1.552 , 1.55205, 1.5521 , 1.55215, 1.5522 , 1.55225, 1.5523 ,
1.55235, 1.5524 , 1.55245, 1.5525 , 1.55255, 1.5526 , 1.55265,
1.5527 , 1.55275, 1.5528 , 1.55285, 1.5529 , 1.55295, 1.553 ,
1.55305, 1.5531 , 1.55315, 1.5532 , 1.55325, 1.5533 , 1.55335,
1.5534 , 1.55345, 1.5535 , 1.55355, 1.5536 , 1.55365, 1.5537 ,
1.55375, 1.5538 , 1.55385, 1.5539 , 1.55395, 1.554 , 1.55405,
1.5541 , 1.55415, 1.5542 , 1.55425, 1.5543 , 1.55435, 1.5544 ,
1.55445, 1.5545 , 1.55455, 1.5546 , 1.55465, 1.5547 , 1.55475,
1.5548 , 1.55485, 1.5549 , 1.55495, 1.555 ])
In [21]:
fig, ax = pf.plot_s_matrix(y_s_matrix, y="dB")
Creating delay arms¶
Create straight section from the internal parametric library.
In [22]:
straight = pf.parametric.straight(port_spec="TE_1550_500", length=80)
viewer(straight)
Out[22]:
Inspect available models:
In [23]:
straight.models
Out[23]:
{'Tidy3D': Tidy3DModel(run_time=None, medium=None, symmetry=(0, 0, 0), boundary_spec=None, monitors=(), structures=(), grid_spec=None, shutoff=None, subpixel=None, courant=None, port_symmetries=[('P1', 'P0')], bounds=((None, None, None), (None, None, None)), verbose=True),
'Waveguide': WaveguideModel(n_complex=None, length=None, mesh_refinement=None, verbose=True)}
In [28]:
straight.active_model
Out[28]:
WaveguideModel(n_complex=None, length=None, mesh_refinement=None, verbose=True)
The waveguide model allows us to quickly evaluate the effects of length changes in the S matrix.
In [29]:
_ = pf.plot_s_matrix(straight.s_matrix(freqs), y="phase")
Progress: 100%
In [30]:
straight.active_model.update(length=120)
pf.plot_s_matrix(straight.s_matrix(freqs), y="phase")
_ = straight.active_model.update(length=None)
Progress: 100%
The second delay arm will be a spiral, also from the parametric library.
In [31]:
spiral = pf.parametric.rectangular_spiral(
port_spec="TE_1550_500",
radius=10,
full_length=500,
size=(80, 0),
align_ports="y",
bend_kwargs={"euler_fraction": 0.5},
)
viewer(spiral)
Out[31]:
In [32]:
spiral.active_model
Out[32]:
CircuitModel()
In [33]:
spiral.references
Out[33]:
[Reference(component="straight_3OF5GAY6MWYZ46STPQYX4ANQSQCIQ63LSVEX6E3SCLLAZV2M7BRQ", origin=(35, 14), rotation=90, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0))), Reference(component="bend_UJJD4NAARVLGN57ZK22UVYRAYYJ2TECKN7LEGWDOM2B7M5ROZIHA", origin=(35, 24.0635), rotation=90, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0))), Reference(component="bend_LAJDY2TV624CS2DEMWLUM2IS3HXAXBZYSNIBSLV7YFZ32X2WBWJA", origin=(25, 4), rotation=0, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0))), Reference(component="straight_AAGNTKIF3N4PWGOVNZS6VDPREKBQYJMDNENFFG2QDS4U5PFO7H6A", origin=(45, 34.0635), rotation=0, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0))), Reference(component="straight_AAGNTKIF3N4PWGOVNZS6VDPREKBQYJMDNENFFG2QDS4U5PFO7H6A", origin=(14, 4), rotation=0, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0))), Reference(component="bend_UJJD4NAARVLGN57ZK22UVYRAYYJ2TECKN7LEGWDOM2B7M5ROZIHA", origin=(56, 34.0635), rotation=0, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0))), Reference(component="bend_LAJDY2TV624CS2DEMWLUM2IS3HXAXBZYSNIBSLV7YFZ32X2WBWJA", origin=(4, 14), rotation=270, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0))), Reference(component="straight_RAZRFPM3UH24TAY5XELDFFQFURPLJ3W54UA7EUY3QQ25FMF4UWGA", origin=(66, 24.0635), rotation=270, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0))), Reference(component="straight_RAZRFPM3UH24TAY5XELDFFQFURPLJ3W54UA7EUY3QQ25FMF4UWGA", origin=(4, 26.0635), rotation=270, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0))), Reference(component="bend_UJJD4NAARVLGN57ZK22UVYRAYYJ2TECKN7LEGWDOM2B7M5ROZIHA", origin=(66, 12), rotation=270, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0))), Reference(component="bend_LAJDY2TV624CS2DEMWLUM2IS3HXAXBZYSNIBSLV7YFZ32X2WBWJA", origin=(14, 36.0635), rotation=180, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0))), Reference(component="straight_7ACDJC2AZ5TVURQZJ2YD5GMT45DLJBFGYSJZ3NX3CVHOJ2U7S6FA", origin=(56, 2), rotation=180, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0))), Reference(component="straight_7ACDJC2AZ5TVURQZJ2YD5GMT45DLJBFGYSJZ3NX3CVHOJ2U7S6FA", origin=(58, 36.0635), rotation=180, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0))), Reference(component="bend_UJJD4NAARVLGN57ZK22UVYRAYYJ2TECKN7LEGWDOM2B7M5ROZIHA", origin=(12, 2), rotation=180, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0))), Reference(component="bend_LAJDY2TV624CS2DEMWLUM2IS3HXAXBZYSNIBSLV7YFZ32X2WBWJA", origin=(68, 26.0635), rotation=90, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0))), Reference(component="straight_AUZ2RGRUSCKI4M775MQIR2OWGGMJVJDSTWMGIUYIM56OVXIUKPTA", origin=(2, 12), rotation=90, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0))), Reference(component="straight_AUZ2RGRUSCKI4M775MQIR2OWGGMJVJDSTWMGIUYIM56OVXIUKPTA", origin=(68, 10), rotation=90, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0))), Reference(component="bend_UJJD4NAARVLGN57ZK22UVYRAYYJ2TECKN7LEGWDOM2B7M5ROZIHA", origin=(2, 28.0635), rotation=90, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0))), Reference(component="bend_LAJDY2TV624CS2DEMWLUM2IS3HXAXBZYSNIBSLV7YFZ32X2WBWJA", origin=(58, 0), rotation=0, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0))), Reference(component="straight_76AOQCCKYGBSLPKTLZT53IU6PZNQR5ZFVDOMEOSCR2V2OZIMBNVA", origin=(0, 0), rotation=0, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0))), Reference(component="straight_Z5DIGLEHBUCDW7D7HEJ3VOFXIMZOJE3SJQIDI36BUYKZGEU7V7JQ", origin=(12, 38.0635), rotation=0, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0))), Reference(component="bend_UJJD4NAARVLGN57ZK22UVYRAYYJ2TECKN7LEGWDOM2B7M5ROZIHA", origin=(60, 38.0635), rotation=0, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0))), Reference(component="straight_RE3OSXXKD35JOLDAK74E2ROSYR46HA5IOZZ5XDNXNQ7GQLSOBCZA", origin=(70, 28.0635), rotation=270, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0))), Reference(component="bend_LAJDY2TV624CS2DEMWLUM2IS3HXAXBZYSNIBSLV7YFZ32X2WBWJA", origin=(70, 10), rotation=270, scaling=1, x_reflection=False, repetition=Repetition(columns=1, rows=1, spacing=(0, 0)))]
In [37]:
spiral.references[1].component.active_model
Out[37]:
WaveguideModel(n_complex=None, length=16.63498, mesh_refinement=None, verbose=True)
In [34]:
pf.plot_s_matrix(spiral.s_matrix(freqs), y="phase")
Loading cached simulation from /home/lucas/.tidy3d/pf_cache/GLJ/ms_info-F6NXBKXG7RZWYTV55FOX44G6HCZDOE7A2P6DQA2H27J5TJE7OSUA.json. Loading cached simulation from /home/lucas/.tidy3d/pf_cache/VJI/ms_info-TDH6QCMTV7OVTBJ6ILVLXI7US2T4MKLJAEVJGOE5WDFNRR7YXRFQ.json. Loading cached simulation from /home/lucas/.tidy3d/pf_cache/53H/ms_info-FNFMNEZUX3M526PKSKQQIRVSADHFSNHVZ7VL5BAAHWCUUS3RZN7A.json. Loading cached simulation from /home/lucas/.tidy3d/pf_cache/RXM/ms_info-S6AW7R5TU3N6U2G2REXS452POKIELVRD2ZOK7NLEPISQAPMLS4JQ.json. Progress: 100%
Out[34]:
(<Figure size 500x350 with 1 Axes>, array([<Axes: xlabel='Wavelength (µm)', ylabel='∠S (rad)'>], dtype=object))
Mach-Zenhder interferometer assembly¶
In [38]:
mzi = pf.Component("MZI")
y_in = mzi.add_reference(y_splitter)
arm_bot = mzi.add_reference(straight)
arm_bot.connect("P0", y_in["P1"])
arm_top = mzi.add_reference(spiral)
arm_top.connect("P0", y_in["P2"])
y_out = mzi.add_reference(y_splitter)
y_out.connect("P2", arm_bot["P1"])
viewer(mzi)
Out[38]:
In [39]:
mzi.add_reference_ports(add_model=pf.CircuitModel())
viewer(mzi)
Out[39]:
In [40]:
_ = pf.plot_s_matrix(mzi.s_matrix(freqs))
Progress: 100%
Thermal shift simulation¶
Before setting up a proper thermal simulation using our heat solver, we can easily test the effects to first order by changing the straight section length.
In [41]:
straight.active_model.update(length=200)
_ = pf.plot_s_matrix(mzi.s_matrix(freqs))
Progress: 100%
In [42]:
_, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1)
for length in (80.00, 80.05, 80.10):
straight.active_model.update(length=length)
s = mzi.s_matrix(freqs, show_progress=False)
ax.plot(s.wavelengths, np.abs(s["P0@0", "P1@0"]) ** 2)
straight.active_model.update(length=None)
_ = ax.set(xlabel="Wavelength (μm)", ylabel="|S₁₀|²")
Export the layout¶
We can write any number of components to a GDSII or OASIS layout file.
In [44]:
pf.write_layout("seminar_mzi.oas", mzi)
TERMS & CONDITIONS
How the process works:
Try this real URL to see an example: